Hi Jay -
I'm not even going to ask how this happened, but I'm willing to bet it won't happen again. At any rate, while this is something you generally don't want in your lungs or airway, and technically it is toxic, the chances of you having any lasting problems from this mishap are fairly small. The main thing you'll need to look out for over the next few days is aching in the ribs,
shortness of breath, or a progressive and productive
cough; then you might have developed aspiration
pneumonia. Otherwise, this should resolve on its own without too much trouble. The
headache is most likely related to some very powerful
coughing, which is reasonable considering what happened. While the risk of complications is small, you probably would be wise to have a healthcare professional listen to your lungs just to be certain there's nothing making noise in there. In all likelihood the substance never got that far. If your airway is clear and your throat's not sore and you can talk without excessive hoarseness then the phosphates (the offensive content of Cascade) aren't likely to have damaged anything further down.
I hope this answers your concerns, and please do follow up with us as needed, and update us, also, as to how you're feeling. And of course if anything weird or unpleasant should start up (again, very unlikely) go to an ER, don't bother to call the poison control center, as this would be a localized problem and not a systemic one.
Best of luck to you. I suspect there's no need to say "be careful." I'm sure you will. :)