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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
What is Transient Ischemic Attack?
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a transient stroke that lasts only
a few minutes. It occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is
briefly interrupted.
Symptoms
TIA symptoms, which usually occur suddenly, are similar to
those of stroke but do not last as long. Most symptoms of a TIA disappear
within an hour, although they may persist for up to 24 hours. Symptoms
can include: numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially
on one side of the body; confusion or difficulty in talking or understanding
speech; trouble seeing in one or both eyes; and difficulty with walking,
dizziness, or loss of balance and coordination.
Diagnosis
An urgent CAT scan and if needed MRI should be ordered. A
carotid doppler can reveal carotid atherosclerosis.
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Treatment
Because there is no way to tell whether symptoms are from
a TIA or an acute stroke, patients should assume that all stroke-like
symptoms signal an emergency and should not wait to see if they go away.
A prompt evaluation (within 60 minutes) is necessary to identify the cause
of the TIA and determine appropriate therapy. Depending on a patient?s
medical history and the results of a medical examination, the doctor may
recommend drug therapy or surgery to reduce the risk of stroke in people
who have had a TIA. The use of antiplatelet agents, particularly aspirin,
is a standard treatment for patients at risk for stroke. People with atrial
fibrillation (irregular beating of the heart) may be prescribed anticoagulants.
Prognosis
TIAs are often warning signs that a person is at risk for
a more serious and debilitating stroke. About one-third of those who have
a TIA will have an acute stroke some time in the future. Many strokes
can be prevented by heeding the warning signs of TIAs and treating underlying
risk factors. The most important treatable factors linked to TIAs and
stroke are high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, heart disease, carotid
artery disease, diabetes, and heavy use of alcohol. Medical help is available
to reduce and eliminate these factors. Lifestyle changes such as eating
a balanced diet, maintaining healthy weight, exercising, and enrolling
in smoking and alcohol cessation programs can also reduce these factors.
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