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Back to urology tests
Urinanalysis
Normal Ranges
Specific gravity
Normal range: 1.003-1.029
pH
Normal range: 4.5-7.8
Protein
Normal range: Negative / trace
(in concentrated urine)
Glucose
Normal range: Negative
Ketones
Normal range: Negative
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Bilirubin
Normal range: Negative
Occult blood
Normal range: Negative
Leukocyte esterase
Normal range: Negative
Nitrite
Normal range: Negative
Urobilinogen
Normal range: 0.1-1.0 EU/dL
WBCs
Normal range: 0-4/hpf
RBCs
Normal range: 0-2 RBCs/hpf
Casts
Normal range: 0-4/lpf hyaline
Bacteria
Normal range: Negative
hpf = high power field; lpf = low
power field; EU = Ehrlich units.
Microscopic examination
Crystalluria
1. Calcium oxalate crystals:
may occur with high intake of dietary oxalate (gelatin, strawberries,
pepper, rhubarb, beans, beets, tomatoes, spinach, chocolate,
cocoa, tea, pecans, peanuts, lime peel, okra. Excretion is increased
by vitamin C intake ). It may also occur with malabsorption,
pyridoxine deficiency and ethylene glycol intoxication.
2. Uric acid crystals: Occurs
due to hyperurcemia.
3. Calcium phosphate crystals:
4. Cystine crystals: This
happens due to cystinuria. Cystinuria is a disorder in which
jejunal transport of dibasic amino acids (including the amino
acid cystine) is defective in addition to excessive loss in
urine. Clinical disease occurs due to the formation of cystine
stones.
5. Triple phosphate crystals
(Calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate): These are are usually
associated with urine infected by urea splitting bacteria which
cause "infection", or "triple phosphate" infection, or triple
phosphate stones.
6. Indivavir crystals: are
found in more than 30% of patients treated by this protease
inhibitor.
Leukocyturia
Indicates inflammatory disease in
the genito-urinary tract.
White cell casts
Indicates the renal origin of leukocytes
(acute pyelonephritis).
Red cell casts
Indicate the renal origin of hematuria
(glomerulonephritis).
Hyaline casts
Physiologic or due to many types
of renal disease.
Epithelial (tubular) casts
They suggest tubular injury as in
acute tubular necrosis. They may also be found in eclampsia,
heavy metal poisoning, ethylene glycol intoxication and acute
allograft rejection.
Granular casts
Fine granulations - Exercise and
in a variety of glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases.
Coarse granulations - Renal disease
(acute tubular necrosis).
Waxy casts
Chronic renal failure.
Fatty casts (lipiduria)
Nephrotic syndrome
Broad casts
Also known as renal failure casts.
These originate from dilated chronically damaged tubules or
collecting ducts. They can be granular or waxy.
Spermatozoa
Retrograde ejaculation.
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